UK business confidence has dipped into negative territory for the first time since 2022, according to ICAEW’s Business Confidence Monitor (BCM) for Q1 2025 , as record high tax concerns and new challenges posed by US tariffs take their toll.

The BCM findings signal growing unease across the economy, with cost pressures, a slowdown in sales expectations and significant sectoral disparities painting a troubling picture. As the global outlook deteriorates, ICAEW is calling for urgent government action to support businesses and lay the foundations for sustainable growth.

The most recent ICAEW quarterly study, which surveys 1,000 chartered accountants across the UK, puts confidence at -3 on the index, the weakest reading since Q4 2022 and down from 0.2 in the previous quarter. Historically, negative confidence readings have generally coincided with particularly difficult periods for the UK economy, including the major inflation shock in 2022 following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

Alan Vallance, ICAEW Chief Executive, says: “These findings reveal a state of despondency among businesses as they stave off a blizzard of extra outlays, including the rise in national insurance. Meanwhile, the US tariff announcements have loaded on exceptional uncertainty and the very real prospect of higher costs and global economic woes.

“Businesses are the catalyst for growth, but prosperity for some of them remains a pipe dream as long as these barriers remain. Tax worries have never been so prominent, causing record levels of distress for our members for the second quarter running.

Majority feel the tax burden is rising

More than half of businesses (56%) polled in Q1 said the tax burden was a growing challenge, marking a new record for the survey and a considerable increase on the previous all-time high of 41% in Q4 2024. This was also three times higher than the historic average and a seven-fold increase over the past four years, ICAEW said.

Weaker economic conditions mean businesses expect domestic sales growth in the year ahead to drop to its lowest level since Q3 2022, despite an uptick in Q1. 

The survey also found significant differences in confidence across the economy, with sentiment negative in six of the 11 sectors surveyed. Manufacturing and engineering firms were hardest hit with sentiment dropping to -11.1 on the index, followed by property (-10.3) and retail and wholesale (-8.4). In contrast, confidence rose in three sectors: IT and communications (10), construction (7.8) and energy, water and mining (6.9).

Suren Thiru, ICAEW Economies Director, says: “These figures suggest that this year has so far been a pretty harrowing one for the UK economy as accelerating anxiety over future sales performance, April’s eye-watering tax hike and US tariffs helped push business sentiment into ominous territory.

“Economic performance was rather unbalanced with improvements in some segments of the economy overshadowed by a torrid quarter for those sectors most vulnerable to these domestic and global headwinds, most notably manufacturers.

While the temporary scaling back of US tariffs has provided some relief, UK companies are still facing major uncertainty. ICAEW is therefore urging the government to work with its trading partners to further calm the global trade system, while also prioritising measures to boost the wider business environment.

Cracks appearing in UK labour market

Employment growth slowed to 1.2% in Q1, the lowest rate since Q2 2021 and down from 1.7% in Q4, the BCM found.

The survey also highlighted notable variation between sectors, with employment contracting by 0.6% within the IT and communications sector, the weakest outturn since Q2 2010. In contrast, employment growth within business services (2.4%) was double the national average.

Thiru adds: “Our data suggests that firms are currently responding to intensifying cost pressures with only limited price rises, but at the expense of more restrained recruitment and weaker spending on staff training, which will hinder productivity. 

“The mood music on the economy is turning increasingly sour and with forward-looking indicators of sales and employment activity weakening, things may get worse before they get better.”

Furthermore, employment growth expectations for the year ahead have weakened to the slowest rate since Q4 2020, although still above the growth of 1.2% achieved this quarter. This is likely to be in response to weaker expected domestic sales growth and April’s increase in employment costs, ICAEW said.

These factors are also likely to have caused growth in staff training budgets to fall to the lowest rate since Q3 2021, the Institute added.

Inflation pressures building

Input costs increased in Q1, the first rise for nearly two years. Growth expectations for the coming 12 months have also gone up from the previous quarter.

Despite rising cost pressures, selling price inflation slowed to its lowest level since Q4 2021 and is expected to ease further over the next 12 months, businesses reported.

“It’s time for the government to step up,” Vallance says. “Businesses are being targeted on multiple fronts and the Prime Minister and Chancellor must do their best to diffuse global trade tensions and provide the breathing space for business to prosper. Only then, with the proper foundations in place, will they stand any chance of delivering much-needed economic growth.”