The following BPM tool guide is one of a series produced for ICAEW by Professor Mike Bourne of Cranfield University.

The traditional four perspectives are: -

• Financial
• Customer
• Internal Process
• Innovation & Learning

It is useful to think about these four perspectives through the following questions: -

• How do we look to our shareholders?
• How do we look to our customers?
• What must we excel at in our internal processes?
• How do we innovate and learn?

The format of the Balanced Scorecard is usually depicted as in figure 1.

The first “Balanced Scorecard” was developed and used to manage Analog Devices in the USA by Art Schneiderman back in the late 1980s. Whilst he was teaching at Harvard Business School it was taken on by Robert Kaplan and David Norton who ran a research project around the scorecard before publishing their seminal 1992 article in Harvard Business Review.

The idea behind the Balanced Scorecard is that it forces the organisation to look at other perspectives and not just focus on the financial results. It was developed at a time when management accounting was being criticised as not being relevant for managing an enterprise. Besides the reporting and control issues, it was argued that it was too easy to manipulate the short term financial measures in large organisations to present good financial results whilst undermining the long term competitiveness of the business. For example: -

• Employee training is a cost in the current financial period but the benefits may not materialise to the next period. So cutting back on training at year end improves this financial year but may do so at the detriment of the start of next financial year.
• Advertising can be a cost this period and a benefit next; so restricting spending to improve profitability in this period has a similar effect.
• New product development spend can’t always be capitalised, so cutting new product development spend has a short term financial benefit.  But this action will undermine longer term competitiveness if the new product launch is delayed.

Usage of the Balanced Scorecard has risen and fallen over the years. Most organisations have KPIs (Key Performance Indicators), but many don’t group them into the four scorecard perspectives.

Some organisations found that four perspectives are too limiting, so there have been many five perspective scorecards. For example, ABB (‘global leader in power and automation technologies’) traditionally added Employees as a fifth dimension, deliberately separating employees from innovation and learning. In developing a scorecard for a builders’ merchant, we found that suppliers were too important not to have their own perspective. Similarly, this position is often taken with respect to the regulator in financial services and other regulated industries.

In many organisations the term “balanced” has been dropped and they talk about their scorecard (which may or may not be “balanced”).

Populating the Balanced Scorecard framework with existing measures taken from your organisation is a very prevalent and bad practice. The Balanced Scorecard is supposed to represent the strategy of your company, not just a balance of measures. So creating an effective Balanced Scorecard takes time and effort and requires senior management engagement and support. This lack of attention in many organisations has given the Balanced Scorecard a bad name.

Increasingly scorecards are being automated with RAG (Red Amber Green) traffic lights being used on the key measures. This can reduce administration time, but often means the scorecard is not scrutinised in depth.

The four perspective presentation of the scorecard is being overtaken by the use of Strategy and Success maps which people believe are more useful for depicting strategy. However, from my experience the use of Strategy and Success maps is still not as widespread as I would expect in organisations.

The balanced scorecard has a number of benefits: -

• It is a simple framework and most people can remember four perspectives
• It still focuses attention on the non-financial objectives, measures and targets
• It balances the internal objectives (internal process and innovation & learning) with the external perspectives (customer and shareholders)
• It balances the outcomes achieved (financial performance and customer satisfaction) with the factors that deliver these outcomes (process performance and innovation)
• It is a visual representation of performance that will fit on a single page.

There are a number of issues to be aware of when adopting a Balanced Scorecard; -

• It only represents competitor activity through the customer perspective, so this is a second hand version of what is happening and how it influences your business
• It is simple but therefore doesn’t cover all stakeholders
  • Suppliers are missing (although they can be included under the process perspective)
  • Regulators are missing (although they could be included under the customer perspective)
  • Employees are missing (but in Europe they often replace or are included in the innovation and learning perspective)
  • Environmental impact is missing
• It can be misused in that
  • the scorecard is populated with existing measures rather than measures that reflect your organisation’s strategy
  • the scorecard is unbalanced (typically this is with too many financial measures)
  • it is not taken seriously as everyone ‘knows’ that ‘only the financials matter’
  • Senior management do not pay enough attention to the scorecard so the effort is wasted.

• Johnson, H. T. & Kaplan, R. S., (1987),  Relevance lost: the rise and fall of Management Accounting, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
• Kaplan, R. S. & Norton, D. P.,  (1992),  "The balanced scorecard - measures that drive performance ",  Harvard Business Review, Jan./Feb.,   71 - 79.
• Nils Goran Olve & Anna Sjostrand (2006) Balanced Scorecard (Express Exec), John Wiley & Sons, Capstone Publishing, Chichester, UK.
• Bourne, M. C. S. and Bourne, P. A., (2007), Balanced Scorecard – Instant Manager, Hodder, London.

• Balanced Scorecard ICAEW resources
• Special report: Balanced Scorecard
• About the Balanced Scorecard

The ICAEW Library & Information Service provides full text access to leading business, finance and management journals and key business eBooks.

Further reading on the balanced scorecard is available through the resources below.