The new guidance aims to address some persistent questions that law firms and reporting accountants (RAs) have had since the new Accounts Rules (effective from 25 November 2019) were in their initial draft stage several years ago.

The 2019 Accounts Rules removed a large amount of prescriptive detail, reducing 52 separate rules to a much more manageable 13. With this shedding of detail came a greater emphasis on firms being able to take a more flexible approach, as the SRA accepted that there can’t be a ‘one size fits all’ approach to regulation.

It therefore came as a surprise that there was an apparent hardening of the regulation in respect of how firms can deal with payment of disbursements and, in particular, the ability to reimburse themselves from the client account for disbursements already paid from the office account.

Ignoring for a moment the commercial reality that there is an ever-narrowing range of costs that could be said to constitute a ‘true’ disbursement, the 2011 Accounts Rules allowed for firms to take money into their office account to reimburse themselves for disbursements paid or incurred (but not yet paid) without the need to present any sort of bill or notification of costs to their clients. Whilst many firms would naturally bill and take their money for disbursements at the same time as sending out their fee notes, this was not a strict requirement.

When the 2019 Accounts Rules appeared, they included a subtle change in that, in accordance with Rule 4.3, “Where you are holding client money and some or all of that money will be used to pay your costs: you must give a bill of costs, or other written notification of the costs incurred, to the client or the paying party”.

Because costs are defined in the SRA’s glossary as being fees and disbursements, this invariably led to a number of questions, including:

1. Are firms now required to send a bill to a client before they can reimburse themselves for previously paid disbursements?

2. Does this requirement only apply to transfers from the client to the office account or does this also capture payments for disbursements directly made from the client account?

3. Does a disbursement have to be physically paid from the office account before transferring the amount to the office account, or is it enough for that disbursement to have only been incurred?

Further confusion could be found when reading new Rule 2, and in particular Rule 2.1 which defined client money as being, “in respect of your fees and any unpaid disbursements if held or received prior to delivery of a bill for the same”, and raised another question:

4. Is it now acceptable for a firm to send a bill for fees or disbursements before they have even been incurred and take any client money into the office account given raising a bill would apparently stop those funds being classed as client money?

We’ll look at each of those points in turn in the context of this new guidance, but first we need to summarise what the guidance itself says.

The guidance can be read in full here but a summary of the main points of note are:

• The SRA accepts that firms will receive money in advance from their clients for a range of reasons, such as for fees (based on a likely estimate of the firm’s final bill), in anticipation of disbursements and in relation to a transaction on which the firm is acting (deposit money relating to a house purchase for example). All of this is classed as client money and should be held on the client account.

• While most firms will bill for work after it has been completed, or at least on an interim basis as a matter progresses, it is technically permissible under the Accounts Rules to bill in advance of work being carried out. This approach comes with a warning however, and firms need to be alive to their wider regulatory requirements to safeguard money that it has been entrusted with. Where it is apparent that firms are putting their own cash needs before the safety of their clients’ money, then the SRA is likely to take a dim view.

• These potential risks could become even sharper where a firm is under financial strain. For example, if a firm were to find itself on the wrong end of an insolvent liquidation, money held in the client account would be protected from the process while money held in the office account would not. So, where would that leave a client who has paid in advance for the work? The SRA gives other examples, but an unforeseen inability to repay money that doesn’t belong to the firm regardless of where it sits is the core consideration.

• If a firm does choose to adopt this approach, the client would need to be fully aware of the risks of their money not being held in the client account. Hiding some clause in a lengthy set of Ts&Cs that benefits the law firm at the potential cost of the client has never sat well with the SRA, and that remains the case here. It is up to the client to explicitly agree that they are happy for their money to be in the firm’s office account; it’s not up to them to opt out.

• These principles apply to anticipated disbursements too, and where a firm is billing in advance for its fees and anticipated disbursements, this needs to be very clear on the face of the bill. Remembering how seriously the SRA treated the issue of ‘secret profits’ a number of years ago (and still do), there has never been much wriggle room for firms not being clear on what they are billing their client for.

• The guidance wraps up by addressing the question the SRA posed for themselves in their rules and asks whether firms need to actually send a bill to a client to enable them to transfer money for costs (remember – that is fees and disbursements) actually paid from the client to the office account. The short answer is no, as long as the client understands how their money will be used, and that can be taken care of in the client engagement letter.

Taking each question in turn:

1. Are firms now required to send a bill to a client before they can reimburse themselves for previously paid disbursements?

No. The guidance is quite clear on this point. As long as the client is aware of the type of cost, the general timing of the cost (and presumably an idea of the likely amount), and the disbursements are properly incurred in the context of the particular matter, then no further action should be necessary. One would imagine that the SRA’s pricing transparency drive from a few years ago has made this a simpler exercise for some firms. Of course, it is also fine for a firm to wait until these disbursements are included on a bill if they choose to do so.

2. Does this requirement only apply to transfers from the client to the office account or does this also capture payments for disbursements directly made from the client account?

One question that was posed by a number of law firms at the outset was whether some sort of bill or advance notification of costs would be required to use client money sitting in the client account and make payments directly from that account to settle disbursements.

On the basis that the disbursement is properly due in the course of a particular matter, then it is safe to assume that the money can be paid from the client account “for the purpose for which it is being held”. It is unlikely that a firm will be required to change its existing procedures in this respect.

Firms would be advised to observe the process noted above, and make sure that the client is aware of the nature, timing and likely amount of disbursements through, for example, the engagement terms.

3. Does a disbursement have to be physically paid from the office account before transferring the amount to the office account, or is it enough for that disbursement to have only been incurred?

It’s clear that the SRA is sending out a warning to firms that want to take money in advance for costs not yet incurred, and we also know that the SRA is fine with firms taking money for paid disbursements, but the guidance points out that, “this is different to the scenario where disbursements have not yet been incurred or have not been paid by your firm”.

The core issue here will be where liability for payment of the disbursement sits. If the law firm has incurred the disbursement on behalf of the client, pays for that disbursement on some sort of credit account with the supplier, and will ultimately remain liable for non-payment, then it’s fair to assume that incurred and paid equate to the same thing, but only for short timing differences in paying on account (the SRA uses Land Registry searches paid on direct debit as an example). Firms shouldn’t really be balancing client money against supplier credit terms to gain a cash advantage.

On the other hand, if the client will remain personally liable for payment to the supplier up until the point that the supplier has physically been paid, irrespective of whether or not they have paid that sum already to the law firm, then incurred and paid are not the same, and the law firm may find itself in the SRA’s ‘warning zone’.

4. Is it now acceptable for a firm to send a bill for fees or disbursements before they have even been incurred and take any client money into the office account given raising a bill would apparently stop those funds being classed as client money?

By now, this question should have answered itself, but let’s just revisit the key points:

Yes, technically a firm is able to bill in advance of anticipated fees and disbursements and technically stay on the right side of the Accounts Rules as they are worded.

However, intention plays a major part of whether this action complies with the wider Code of Conduct and Principles. Where the law firm is putting its own interests before its clients, and that includes prioritising its own cash needs, even if there is no imminent threat of financial failure, then the SRA won’t be happy.

In a nutshell, this should mean business as usual for the vast majority of law firms. If a firm was compliant before the regulatory changes on 25 November 2019, then it should be compliant now, and that has been a message that the SRA has been putting out since everything was still in draft form a few years ago.

It has perhaps taken us a little longer than necessary to fully appreciate that point, but what this detailed guidance has emphasised is that there is no apparent appetite at the SRA to change the wording of the Accounts Rules. For those of us who closely followed all 20 or so versions of the previous rules, that is no bad thing.

Within the detail of the guidance, the SRA mentions the RA a couple of times and suggests that the RA will be expected to issue a qualified accountant’s report where a firm is seen to be putting a client’s money at risk by favouring its own cash requirements.

At the same time as issuing this guidance, the SRA has also quietly amended its guidance for Reporting Accountants, and that can be read here.

For any reader familiar with this guidance, you will know that it sets out a range of factors, both ‘serious’ and ‘moderate’. The serious issues are the type of breach that the SRA would expect RAs to qualify their report for in most cases, while the moderate issues are those that might lead to a qualified report when looked at in the context of other issues.

You may notice that there has been a new entry under serious factors: “Systematic billing for fees and any disbursements that have not been incurred and payments in respect of that bill being made into the business account“

There is also a new arrival under moderate factors: “Failures to inform clients of the risk of money being paid into the business account for costs that have not been incurred.”

This has clear implications on both the RA and the law firm. While the law firm itself may be comfortable that its procedures are within the confines of the wider code of conduct, the RA, which will inevitably be taking a narrower view based on the Accounts Rules and accompanying guidance only, may take a different view.

Taking a step back, an experienced RA would look at the wider picture and consider whether financial challenges may be driving the law firm’s actions before making a (potentially very serious) report to the SRA, and so it is important that the Reporting Accountants and law firms themselves fully understand the implications of this guidance.

The views expressed are the author’s and not ICAEW’s.

T: +44 (020 7841 2042, E: ian.johnson@saffery.com

Ian advises law firms on all aspects of financial reporting and accounting matters, including statutory accounts and audit issues. He regularly advises on the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA) Accounts Rules, financial and regulatory compliance, restructuring, internal management reporting, financial forecasting and tax compliance.

Ian’s law firm clients range in size and type, including new start-up practices, sole practitioners, traditional partnerships, highly specialised boutique practices, and large national practices. Ian is also Chair of the Executive Council with the Institute of Legal Finance and Management (ILFM), and is also a part of the ICAEW Solicitors’ Community Advisory Group.